The transportation sector accounted for 27% of US Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in 2010, according to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. GHGs are a major contributor to the greenhouse effect on a global scale. Within the earth’s atmosphere, they act as artificial heat trapping agents. Fuel sources such as diesel, natural gas, and gasoline produce diverse GHGs as byproducts in the context of road transportation. Methane (CH4 ), Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), and Nitrous dioxide (N2 O) are some of the gases released by burning these energy sources, and they can stay in the atmosphere for decades, producing continual global warming. These unregulated GHG emissions disrupt the planet’s natural gas cycles and represent a serious threat to a variety of flora and animals. In 2014, the transportation industry in Europe was responsible for 30.5% of GHG emissions and 12% of GHG emissions from road transport. Another study was carried out in China by Liu et al. predicted that the transport sector alone would account for 84.7% GHG emission by the year 2040. Concerns about the negative environmental externalities of road transportation activities and development have prompted governments around the world to analyze the environmental implications of transportation projects before they are implemented. The modern automobile industry is moving toward the development of self-driving vehicles. This shift is being driven by a number of factors, including improved safety, more productivity, lower fuel use, and reduced traffic congestion. Autonomous Vehicles (AVs), often known as driverless or self-driving vehicles, are vehicles that can function without the need for a driver to manage the steering, acceleration, or braking, the level of automation goes from 0-5.
